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History of Easter Island
(詳細はRapa Nui, have endured famines, epidemics of disease and cannibalism, civil war, slave raids, various colonial contacts,〔Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies by Jared Diamond〕〔Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond〕 and have seen their population crash on more than one occasion. The ensuing cultural legacy has brought the island notoriety out of proportion to the number of its inhabitants.
== First settlers ==
Early European visitors to Easter Island recorded the local oral traditions about the original settlers. In these traditions, Easter Islanders claimed that a chief Hotu Matu'a〔Resemblance of the name to an early Mangarevan founder god ''Atu Motua'' ("Father Lord") has made some historians suspect that Hotu Matua was added to Easter Island mythology only in the 1860s, along with adopting the Mangarevan language. The "real" founder would have been ''Tu'u ko Iho'', who became just a supporting character in Hotu Matu'a centric legends. See Steven Fischer (1994). ''Rapanui's Tu'u ko Iho Versus Mangareva's 'Atu Motua. Evidence for Multiple Reanalysis and Replacement in Rapanui Settlement Traditions, Easter Island.'' The Journal of Pacific History, 29(1), 3-18. See also ''Rapa Nui / Geography, History and Religion''. Peter H. Buck, Vikings of the Pacific, University of Chicago Press, 1938. pp. 228-236. (Online version ).〕 arrived on the island in one or two large canoes with his wife and extended family.〔(Summary of Thomas S. Barthel's version of Hotu Matu'a's arrival to Easter Island ).〕 They are believed to have been Polynesian. There is considerable uncertainty about the accuracy of this legend as well as the date of settlement. Published literature suggests the island was settled around 300-400 CE, or at about the time of the arrival of the earliest settlers in Hawaii. Some scientists say that Easter Island was not inhabited until 700-800 CE. This date range is based on glottochronological calculations and on three radiocarbon dates from charcoal that appears to have been produced during forest clearance activities.〔Diamond, Jared. ''Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.'' Penguin Books: 2005. ISBN 0-14-303655-6. Chapter 2: Twilight at Easter pp.79-119. See page 89.〕 Moreover, a recent study which included radiocarbon dates from what is thought to be very early material suggests that the island was settled as recently as 1200 CE.〔Hunt, T. L., Lipo, C. P., 2006. Science, 1121879. See also ("Late Colonization of Easter Island" ) in ''Science Magazine''. (Entire article ) is also hosted by the Department of Anthropology of the University of Hawaii.〕 This seems to be supported by a 2006 study of the island's deforestation, which could have started around the same time. A large now extinct palm, ''Paschalococos disperta,'' related to the Chilean wine palm ''(Jubaea chilensis)'', was one of the dominant trees as attested by fossil evidence; this species, whose sole occurrence was Easter Island, became extinct due to deforestation by the early settlers.〔C. Michael Hogan (2008) (''Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg )〕
The Austronesian Polynesians, who first settled the island, are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west. These settlers brought bananas, taro, sugarcane, and paper mulberry, as well as chickens and Polynesian rats. The island at one time supported a relatively advanced and complex civilization.
It is suggested that the reason settlers sought an isolated island was because of high levels of Ciguatera fish poisoning in their then current surrounding area.〔http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0707-morgan_ciguatera.html〕
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